Sampling methods refer to the techniques used in research to select a subset of individuals or items from a larger population for study. The goal of sampling is to collect data from a smaller group that accurately represents the larger population, allowing researchers to draw conclusions and make generalizations. Some common sampling methods include: 1. Simple random sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study, and selection is made randomly. 2. Stratified sampling: The population is divided into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics, and samples are then randomly selected from each stratum. 3. Cluster sampling: The population is divided into clusters, such as geographical areas, and a random sample of clusters is selected for study. Data is then collected from all individuals within those clusters. 4. Systematic sampling: Every nth member of the population is selected for the study, with the starting point chosen randomly. 5. Convenience sampling: Participants are selected based on their availability and willingness to participate in the study, making this method less rigorous but often more practical. Each sampling method has its own strengths and limitations, and researchers must carefully consider the characteristics of their population and research goals when selecting a sampling method.